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TERMINALIA L. [family COMBRETACEAE]
Date Updated: 19 August 2007
Herbarium
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K)
Collection
Flora of Tropical East Africa
Resource Type
Reference Sources
Entry From
Flora of Tropical East Africa, page 1, (1973) Author: G. E. WICKENS
Names
TERMINALIA L. [family COMBRETACEAE], Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 2: 674 [err. 638] (1767) & Mant. Pl.: 21 (1767); Engl. & Diels in E.M. 4: 6 (1900); Griffiths in J.L.S. 55: 818 (1959), nom. conserv. For full synonymy see Exell in J.B. 69: 125 (1931), excl. syn. Terminaliopsis Danguy.
Information
Trees or rarely shrubs, without scales or microscopic stalked glands. Leaves usually spirally arranged, often crowded at the ends of branches, sometimes on short shoots, rarely opposite, petiolate or subsessile, usually entire but sometimes subcrenate, often with 2 or more glands at or near the base of thelamina or on the petiole (but not in native species). Flowers usually hermaphrodite and ♂ in the same inflorescence (rarely all hermaphrodite), usually in axillary spikes with ♂ flowers towards the apex and hermaphrodite ones towards the base, rarely in terminal panicles; ♂ flowers stalked, stalks resembling pedicels but corresponding to the lower receptacle with abortion of the ovary, hermaphrodite flowers sessile. Receptacle divided into a lower part (lower receptacle) and an upper part, often scarcely developed, expanding into a shallow cup terminating in the sepals. Petals absent. Stamens usually 10, exserted. Disk intrastaminal. Ovary completely inferior; style free, not expanded at the apex. Fruit very variable in size and shape but usually 2-winged in E. Africa, usually with at least partially sclerenchymatous endocarp. Cotyledons (where known) spirally convolute.
Range
Probably about 200 species in the tropics and subtropics, with about 30 species in Africa.
Notes
The descriptions given, with minor alterations, are based mainly on “A Revision of African species of Terminalia ” by M. E. Griffiths (in J.L.S. 55: 818–907 (1959)). The flowers of Terminalia are remarkably uniform throughout the genus and scarcely ever provide any taxonomically useful characters and great reliance must therefore be placed on leaf, bark and fruit characters.Several introduced species are grown. T. catappa L., native of tropical Asia and widely planted throughout the tropics as a shade tree, is common in the coastal regions, e.g. Kenya, Mombasa, MacNaughton 120 !, Tanganyika, Amani, Greenway 2792 ! and Lindi, Semsei 653!, Zanzibar and Pemba (U.O.P.Z.: 465 (1949)), also occasional in towns around Lake Victoria (Dale, Introd. Trees Uganda: 68 (1953)). It is easily recognized by the very large obovate shortly petiolate leaves, which are subcordate at the base and turn red before falling, and by the large somewhat compressed-ellipsoid fruits ± 6 cm. long. T. bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., native of tropical Asia, fruits of which are used for tanning and dyes, has been tried in Uganda at the Entebbe Botanic Gardens (A. S. Thomas 3002!; Dale, Introd. Trees Uganda: 67 (1953)) and in Tanganyika at Amani (T.T.C.L.: 143 (1949), as “ belerica ”). It has large leaves like T. catappa, but the petiole is 3–8 cm. long and the lamina is not basally subcordate; the fruit is subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 5-ridged, 2–2.8 cm. long. T. arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn., native of India, with 5-winged fruits, has been grown at Dar es Salaam (Holtz 662; T.T.C.L.: 143 (1949)). T. mantaly Perrier, native of Madagascar, is grown as an ornamental tree in Nairobi, e.g. Perkins in E.A.H. 13449 ! & 13753 ! The obovate leaves are borne on spur shoots at the ends of lateral branches and in the angles of the zigzag long shoots; the fruits are ellipsoid, ± 1.8 cm. long, neither winged nor ridged. T. chebula Retz., a native of India, Ceylon and Burma, the fruits of which are used for tanning and dyes, is cultivated in Tanganyika at Amani (T.T.C.L.: 143 (1949)). It has large, oblong, ovate or elliptic leaves with petioles 1–3 cm. long; the fruit is broadly ovoid, 5-ridged, 2–3 cm. long. Terminology for the various types of shoot is illustrated in fig. 11, p. 75.
Date Updated: 19 August 2007
Herbarium
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K)
Collection
Flora of Tropical East Africa
Resource Type
Reference Sources
Entry From
Flora of Tropical East Africa, page 1, (1973) Author: G. E. WICKENS
Names
TERMINALIA L. [family COMBRETACEAE], Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 2: 674 [err. 638] (1767) & Mant. Pl.: 21 (1767); Engl. & Diels in E.M. 4: 6 (1900); Griffiths in J.L.S. 55: 818 (1959), nom. conserv. For full synonymy see Exell in J.B. 69: 125 (1931), excl. syn. Terminaliopsis Danguy.
Information
Trees or rarely shrubs, without scales or microscopic stalked glands. Leaves usually spirally arranged, often crowded at the ends of branches, sometimes on short shoots, rarely opposite, petiolate or subsessile, usually entire but sometimes subcrenate, often with 2 or more glands at or near the base of thelamina or on the petiole (but not in native species). Flowers usually hermaphrodite and ♂ in the same inflorescence (rarely all hermaphrodite), usually in axillary spikes with ♂ flowers towards the apex and hermaphrodite ones towards the base, rarely in terminal panicles; ♂ flowers stalked, stalks resembling pedicels but corresponding to the lower receptacle with abortion of the ovary, hermaphrodite flowers sessile. Receptacle divided into a lower part (lower receptacle) and an upper part, often scarcely developed, expanding into a shallow cup terminating in the sepals. Petals absent. Stamens usually 10, exserted. Disk intrastaminal. Ovary completely inferior; style free, not expanded at the apex. Fruit very variable in size and shape but usually 2-winged in E. Africa, usually with at least partially sclerenchymatous endocarp. Cotyledons (where known) spirally convolute.
Range
Probably about 200 species in the tropics and subtropics, with about 30 species in Africa.
Notes
The descriptions given, with minor alterations, are based mainly on “A Revision of African species of Terminalia ” by M. E. Griffiths (in J.L.S. 55: 818–907 (1959)). The flowers of Terminalia are remarkably uniform throughout the genus and scarcely ever provide any taxonomically useful characters and great reliance must therefore be placed on leaf, bark and fruit characters.Several introduced species are grown. T. catappa L., native of tropical Asia and widely planted throughout the tropics as a shade tree, is common in the coastal regions, e.g. Kenya, Mombasa, MacNaughton 120 !, Tanganyika, Amani, Greenway 2792 ! and Lindi, Semsei 653!, Zanzibar and Pemba (U.O.P.Z.: 465 (1949)), also occasional in towns around Lake Victoria (Dale, Introd. Trees Uganda: 68 (1953)). It is easily recognized by the very large obovate shortly petiolate leaves, which are subcordate at the base and turn red before falling, and by the large somewhat compressed-ellipsoid fruits ± 6 cm. long. T. bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., native of tropical Asia, fruits of which are used for tanning and dyes, has been tried in Uganda at the Entebbe Botanic Gardens (A. S. Thomas 3002!; Dale, Introd. Trees Uganda: 67 (1953)) and in Tanganyika at Amani (T.T.C.L.: 143 (1949), as “ belerica ”). It has large leaves like T. catappa, but the petiole is 3–8 cm. long and the lamina is not basally subcordate; the fruit is subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 5-ridged, 2–2.8 cm. long. T. arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn., native of India, with 5-winged fruits, has been grown at Dar es Salaam (Holtz 662; T.T.C.L.: 143 (1949)). T. mantaly Perrier, native of Madagascar, is grown as an ornamental tree in Nairobi, e.g. Perkins in E.A.H. 13449 ! & 13753 ! The obovate leaves are borne on spur shoots at the ends of lateral branches and in the angles of the zigzag long shoots; the fruits are ellipsoid, ± 1.8 cm. long, neither winged nor ridged. T. chebula Retz., a native of India, Ceylon and Burma, the fruits of which are used for tanning and dyes, is cultivated in Tanganyika at Amani (T.T.C.L.: 143 (1949)). It has large, oblong, ovate or elliptic leaves with petioles 1–3 cm. long; the fruit is broadly ovoid, 5-ridged, 2–3 cm. long. Terminology for the various types of shoot is illustrated in fig. 11, p. 75.
Date Updated: 19 August 2007
Herbarium
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K)
Collection
Flora of Tropical East Africa
Resource Type
Reference Sources
Entry From
Flora of Tropical East Africa, page 1, (1973) Author: G. E. WICKENS
Names
TERMINALIA L. [family COMBRETACEAE], Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 2: 674 [err. 638] (1767) & Mant. Pl.: 21 (1767); Engl. & Diels in E.M. 4: 6 (1900); Griffiths in J.L.S. 55: 818 (1959), nom. conserv. For full synonymy see Exell in J.B. 69: 125 (1931), excl. syn. Terminaliopsis Danguy.
Information
Trees or rarely shrubs, without scales or microscopic stalked glands. Leaves usually spirally arranged, often crowded at the ends of branches, sometimes on short shoots, rarely opposite, petiolate or subsessile, usually entire but sometimes subcrenate, often with 2 or more glands at or near the base of thelamina or on the petiole (but not in native species). Flowers usually hermaphrodite and ♂ in the same inflorescence (rarely all hermaphrodite), usually in axillary spikes with ♂ flowers towards the apex and hermaphrodite ones towards the base, rarely in terminal panicles; ♂ flowers stalked, stalks resembling pedicels but corresponding to the lower receptacle with abortion of the ovary, hermaphrodite flowers sessile. Receptacle divided into a lower part (lower receptacle) and an upper part, often scarcely developed, expanding into a shallow cup terminating in the sepals. Petals absent. Stamens usually 10, exserted. Disk intrastaminal. Ovary completely inferior; style free, not expanded at the apex. Fruit very variable in size and shape but usually 2-winged in E. Africa, usually with at least partially sclerenchymatous endocarp. Cotyledons (where known) spirally convolute.
Range
Probably about 200 species in the tropics and subtropics, with about 30 species in Africa.
Notes
The descriptions given, with minor alterations, are based mainly on “A Revision of African species of Terminalia ” by M. E. Griffiths (in J.L.S. 55: 818–907 (1959)). The flowers of Terminalia are remarkably uniform throughout the genus and scarcely ever provide any taxonomically useful characters and great reliance must therefore be placed on leaf, bark and fruit characters.Several introduced species are grown. T. catappa L., native of tropical Asia and widely planted throughout the tropics as a shade tree, is common in the coastal regions, e.g. Kenya, Mombasa, MacNaughton 120 !, Tanganyika, Amani, Greenway 2792 ! and Lindi, Semsei 653!, Zanzibar and Pemba (U.O.P.Z.: 465 (1949)), also occasional in towns around Lake Victoria (Dale, Introd. Trees Uganda: 68 (1953)). It is easily recognized by the very large obovate shortly petiolate leaves, which are subcordate at the base and turn red before falling, and by the large somewhat compressed-ellipsoid fruits ± 6 cm. long. T. bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., native of tropical Asia, fruits of which are used for tanning and dyes, has been tried in Uganda at the Entebbe Botanic Gardens (A. S. Thomas 3002!; Dale, Introd. Trees Uganda: 67 (1953)) and in Tanganyika at Amani (T.T.C.L.: 143 (1949), as “ belerica ”). It has large leaves like T. catappa, but the petiole is 3–8 cm. long and the lamina is not basally subcordate; the fruit is subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 5-ridged, 2–2.8 cm. long. T. arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn., native of India, with 5-winged fruits, has been grown at Dar es Salaam (Holtz 662; T.T.C.L.: 143 (1949)). T. mantaly Perrier, native of Madagascar, is grown as an ornamental tree in Nairobi, e.g. Perkins in E.A.H. 13449 ! & 13753 ! The obovate leaves are borne on spur shoots at the ends of lateral branches and in the angles of the zigzag long shoots; the fruits are ellipsoid, ± 1.8 cm. long, neither winged nor ridged. T. chebula Retz., a native of India, Ceylon and Burma, the fruits of which are used for tanning and dyes, is cultivated in Tanganyika at Amani (T.T.C.L.: 143 (1949)). It has large, oblong, ovate or elliptic leaves with petioles 1–3 cm. long; the fruit is broadly ovoid, 5-ridged, 2–3 cm. long. Terminology for the various types of shoot is illustrated in fig. 11, p. 75.
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