Compilation
Hygrophila auriculata

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Name

Identification
Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine [family ACANTHACEAE ] (stored under name);
Related name
  • Asteracantha macracantha
  • Truxia spinosa
  • Asteracantha lindaviana
  • Asteracantha longifolia
  • Barleria glabrata
  • Hygrophila spinosa
  • Hygrophila auriculata
Common name
  • atwe (Deakin) (GHANA, AKAN-FANTE), Burkill, H.M. 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 1
  • édalora (JB; K&A) (SENEGAL, DIOLA), Burkill, H.M. 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 1
  • kositâbo (K&A) kostabo (K&A) (SENEGAL, ‘SOCE’), Burkill, H.M. 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 1
  • Pelolaè (JDES) (GUINEA-BISSAU, DIOLA-FLU), Burkill, H.M. 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 1
  • eyitrσ (FRI) (GHANA, GBE-VHE), Burkill, H.M. 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 1
  • kélé béto kala (JB; K&A) (SENEGAL, MANDING-BAMBARA), Burkill, H.M. 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 1
  • orokarok (K&A) rokarot (K&A) (SENEGAL, SERER-NON (Nyominka)), Burkill, H.M. 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 1
  • káyàr-giíwaá (ZOG) (NIGERIA, HAUSA (West)), Burkill, H.M. 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 1
  • mafọwọo kauruọnu (Macgregor) (NIGERIA, YORUBA), Burkill, H.M. 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 1
  • fastambo (Fox) (THE GAMBIA, MANDING-MANDINKA), Burkill, H.M. 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 1
  • bechete (JDES; EPdS) (GUINEA-BISSAU, PEPEL), Burkill, H.M. 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 1
  • dabasaw (JB; K&A) god a kos (JB; K&A) ndokarok (JB) orokarok (K&A) rokãndok (JLT; JB) rokarot (K&A) (SENEGAL, SERER), Burkill, H.M. 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 1
  • ayetrσ (FRI) (GHANA, VHE (Awlan)), Burkill, H.M. 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 1
  • séber buki = hyena’s drum (JB; K&A) (SENEGAL, WOLOF), Burkill, H.M. 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 1
  • balâ balâgan (K&A) (SENEGAL, BANYUN), Burkill, H.M. 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 1
  • (Guinea-Bissau) lobóte (JDES; EPdS) (GUINEA-BISSAU, FULA-PULAAR), Burkill, H.M. 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 1
  • edalora = white leaf (DF) (THE GAMBIA, DIOLA (Fogny)), Burkill, H.M. 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 1
  • Adàyin giíwaá, danyin giwa = elephant’s Centaurea (JMD; ZOG) к̉ayar giíwaá = elephant’s thorn (JMD) káyàr raàkúmií = camel’s thorn (JMD; ZOG) saàre gwiáwà = prick the knee (JMD; ZOG) zaazar-giíwaá = pubic hair of the elephant (RES; ZOG) zakankau the ash from which salt is prepared (Robinson; RES) (NIGERIA, HAUS), Burkill, H.M. 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 1

Flora

Entry for Hygrophila schulli (Buch.-Ham.) M.R.Almeida & S.M.Almeida [family ACANTHACEAE]
Herbarium
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K)
Collection
Flora of Tropical East Africa
Resource Type
Reference Sources
Entry From
Flora of Tropical East Africa, page 1, (2008) Author: Kaj Vollesen
Names
Hygrophila schulli (Buch.-Ham.) M.R.Almeida & S.M.Almeida [family ACANTHACEAE], in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 83, Suppl.: 221 (1987); Ensermu in F.E.E. 5: 379 (2006). Type: “India”, Hortus Malabaricus 2: Pl. 87, fig. 45
Barleria longifolia L. [family ACANTHACEAE], Amoen. Acad. 4: 320 (1759) & Sp. Pl. (ed. 2) 2: 887 (1763). Type: India (LINN, holo.; K!, microfiche)
Bahel schulli Buch.-Ham. [family ], in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 14: 288 (1824)
Barleria auriculata Schumach. [family ACANTHACEAE], Beskr. Guinea Pl.: 285 (1827). Type: Guinea, Thonning (C!, holo.)
Ruellia longifolia (L.) Roxb. [family ACANTHACEAE], Fl. Ind. (ed. 2) 3: 50 (1832)
Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees [family ACANTHACEAE], in Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 3: 90 (1832) & in DC., Prodr. 11: 247 (1847); Lindau in P.O.A. C: 367 (1895) & in E. & P. Pf. IV, 3b: 297 (1895); F.P.N.A. 2: 274 (1947); F.P.S. 3: 166 (1956)
Asteracantha auriculata (Schumach.) Nees [family ACANTHACEAE], in DC., Prodr. 11: 248 (1847); A.Richard, Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 146 (1850)
Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson [family ACANTHACEAE], in Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl.: 225 (1860) & in J.L.S. 7: 22 (1863); C.B. Clarke in Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 408 (1885); Burkill in F.T.A. 5: 31 (1899); S. Moore in J.B. 45: 89 (1907); Th. & H.Durand, Syll. Fl. Cong.: 416 (1909); Benoist in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 60: 330 (1913); De Wild., Pl. Beq. 4: 20 (1926); Hutchinson & Dalziell, F.W.T.A. 2: 247 (1931); Binns, Checklist Herb. Fl. Malawi: 13 (1968). Type as for Barleria longifolia
Hygrophila longifolia (L.) Kurz [family ACANTHACEAE], in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 39(2): 78 (1870); Engler, Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr.: 387 (1892); Lugard in K.B. 1933: 94 (1934); Benoist in Bol. Soc. Brot., Ser. 2, 24: 34 (1950); Berhaut, Fl. Senegal: 75 (1954); Binns, Checklist Herb. Fl. Malawi: 13 (1968), non Nees (1847)
Asteracantha lindaviana De Wild. & T.Durand [family ACANTHACEAE], in Comp. Rend. Soc. Bot. Belg. 8: 100 (1899). Type: Congo-Kinshasa, near Businga, Evamkayo, Thonner s.n. (BR!, holo.; BR!, iso.)
Hygrophila lindaviana (De Wild. & T.Durand) Burkill [family ACANTHACEAE], in F.T.A. 5: 509 (1900); Lebrun & Stork, Enum. Pl. Afr. Trop. 4: 482 (1997)
Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine [family ACANTHACEAE], in K.B. 16: 172 (1962) & in F.W.T.A. (ed. 2) 2: 395 (1963); Binns, Checklist Herb. Fl. Malawi: 13 (1968); U.K.W.F.: 583 (1974); Vollesen in Opera Bot. 59: 80 (1980); Champluvier in Fl. Rwanda 3: 456, fig. 143,1 (1985); Blundell, Wild Fl. E. Afr.: 391, pl. 607 (1987); Lebrun & Stork, Enum. Pl. Afr. Trop. 4: 482 (1997); Friis & Vollesen in Biol. Skr. 51(2): 443 (2005)
Information
Erect unbranched or branched annual herb, occasionally with basal part of stem creeping and rooting; stems up to 1.3(–1.8) m long, quadrangular to rounded, glabrous to densely hirsute-strigose upwards with broad glossy hairs, and usually with finely puberulous indumentum underneath. Leaves linear-lanceolate to narrowly ovate or narrowly elliptic (rarely elliptic), largest 7–32≈0.3–3(–4.2) cm, apex subacute to acuminate, base attenuate to hastate and auriculate, glabrous to hirsute-strigose with glossy white hairs. Flowers in dense sessile many-flowered fascicles in the upper part of the stem, each with up to 6 hard yellowish to brownish finely puberulous spines (modified branches) up to 5 cm long (rarely absent); bracts numerous, becoming hard and ± bony in basal part, lanceolate to ovate or elliptic, up to 5(–7) cm long, finely puberulous and ciliate or hirsute-strigose in basal part. Calyx finely puberulous or hirsute-strigose apically and along midribs, 12–25(–30) mm long; lobes all strongly ribbed, ventral pair fused almost to apex, the others for 2–3 mm at base, ventral and lateral linear-lanceolate, dorsal 1–6 mm longer and lanceolate to oblanceolate. Corolla white or pale mauve, pale lilac, blue or purple, “herring-bones” conspicuous, white with reddish to purplish veins, finely puberulous or sparsely so and usually with capitate glands, 22–40 mm long of which linear tube 8–14 mm and expanded tube plus limb 13–27 mm; upper lip ovate to elliptic, lobes 2–5 mm long, rounded; lower lip with few to many long tapering hairs, broadly obovate, lobes 4–8 mm long, rounded. Filaments glabrous or with a few short stubby hairs near base, upper 4–10 mm long, lower 7–14 mm; anthers 2–3 mm long. Stigmatic lobe 1–2 mm long. Capsule enclosed in the hardened basal part of the bracts, retained on plant, glabrous, 8–14 mm long, with 2–6 seeds per locule. Seeds all 1.5–2 mm long or with 2 large seeds 3–4 mm long and 2 small seeds ± 2 mm long. Fig. 27, p. 177.
Range
DISTR. U 1–4; K 1, 3–5, 7; T 1–8; Z; P widespread in tropical Africa and in India
Altitude range
near sea level to 1650 m
Distribution
KENYA Northern Frontier District 26 km on Garissa–Hagadera road, 29 May 1977, Gillett 21188!KENYA Machakos District 35 km NE of Machakos, 21 Oct. 1967, Mwangangi 283!KENYA Kwale District near Shimoni, Kivumoni, 20 Aug. 1953, Drummond & Hemsley 3927!TANZANIA Musoma District Ushashi, 24 Apr. 1959, Tanner 4203!TANZANIA Dodoma District 10 km N of Manyoni, 15 Apr. 1988, Bidgood et al. 1128!TANZANIA Mbeya District Igawa, 13 Apr. 1962, Polhill & Paulo 2002!TANZANIA Pemba Chanjana, 14 Feb. 1929, Greenway 1434!UGANDA Karamoja District Moroto, 12 Sep. 1956, Bally 10790!UGANDA Mbale District near Busano, 21 Jan. 1969, Lye 1700!UGANDA Mengo District Wabusana to Kalungi, 29 July 1956, Langdale-Brown 2258!
Notes
Material from Uganda, W Kenya and W Tanzania (H. auriculata, sensu stricto) has hastate auriculate leaf bases at least on the upper part of the stem, while material from the rest of the Flora area (H. spinosa, sensu stricto) has attenuate to cuneate leaf bases. The western plants also tend to be taller and stouter. It is quite possible that a future detailed study also including the Indian material will allow these two forms to be separated, most probably as subspecies. But at the moment I have decided to keep all the material under one broad species as there is a number of what seems to be intermediates, and – in India and West Africa – a fair number of specimens tending towards the taxon endemic to the other part of the world. In central and east Tanzania other patterns of variation are seen. Several different forms (e.g. white flowered and mauve flowered or subglabrous or densely hairy) can often be found together in the same mbuga with few or no intermediates. But in the next mbuga a different pattern is usually found.H. schulli and richardsiae differ from the rest of the species in the hardened spines which surround the inflorescences. These are modified branches as can be seen from the scars or even minute leaves which often appear. It also differs in having the two lower sepals fused, and in the hardened basal part of the bracts which retain the capsules on the plant. The number of ovules (2–6) is also unusually low in the genus as are the relatively large seeds. It may be that further work will show that Asteracantha can be resurrected.

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