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Compilation
Betula occidentalis

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Betula occidentalis Hook. [family BETULACEAE]
Betula occidentalis Hook. [family BETULACEAE]
Type of Betula occidentalis Hook. var. piperi Britt. [family BETULACEAE]
Isotype of Betula piperi Britton [family BETULACEAE]
Isotype of Betula ×piperi (Britt.) C. L. Hitchc. [family BETULACEAE]
Isotype of Betula occidentalis Hook. ssp. fecunda (Fernald) A.E. Murray [family BETULACEAE]
Type of Betula papyrifera Marshall var. commutata (Regel) Fernald [family BETULACEAE]
Type of Betula occidentalis Hook. var. piperi Britt. [family BETULACEAE]
Lectotype of Betula occidentalis Hook. [family BETULACEAE]
Type of Betula occidentalis Hooker var. fecunda Fernald [family BETULACEAE]
Isotype of Betula occidentalis var. fecunda Fernald, M.L. 1945 [family BETULACEAE]
Betula occidentalis Hook. [family BETULACEAE]
Holotype of Betula occidentalis Hook. f. inopina Jeps. [family BETULACEAE]
Isotype of Betula occidentalis var. fecunda Fernald [family BETULACEAE]
Betula occidentalis Hook. [family BETULACEAE]
Betula occidentalis Hook. [family BETULACEAE]
Isotype of Betula piperi (Britt.) Hitchc. [family BETULACEAE]
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Name

Identification
Betula occidentalis Hook. [family BETULACEAE ] (stored under name); Verified by Robbins, G. T., 1953
Related name
  • Betula occidentalis
Common name
  • river birch, Flora of North America Vol. 3
  • Water birch, Flora of North America Vol. 3

Flora

Entry for Betula occidentalis Hooker [family BETULACEAE]
Herbarium
Flora of North America (FNA)
Collection
Flora of North America
Resource Type
Reference Sources
Entry From
Flora of North America, Vol 3,
Names
Betula occidentalis Hooker [family BETULACEAE], Fl. Bor.-Amer., 2: 155. 1838
Betula fontinalis Sargent [family BETULACEAE]
Betula fontinalis var. inopina (Jepson) Jepson [family BETULACEAE]
Betula microphylla Bunge var. fontinalis (Sargent) M. E. Jones [family BETULACEAE]
Betula occidentalis var. fecunda (Britton) Fernald [family BETULACEAE]
Betula occidentalis var. inopina (Jepson) C. L. Hitchcock [family BETULACEAE]
Betula papyrifera Marshall var. occidentalis (Hooker) Sargent [family BETULACEAE]
Betula papyrifera subsp. occidentalis (Hooker) Hultén [family BETULACEAE]
Information
Shrubs, spreading, to 10 m. Bark dark reddish brown to bronze, smooth, close, not readily exfoliating; lenticels pale, horizontally expanded. Twigs without the odor or taste of wintergreen, glabrous to sparsely pubescent, covered with conspicuous, reddish, resinous glands. Leaf blade broadly ovate to rhombic-ovate with 2--6 pairs of lateral veins, 2--5.8 × 1--4.5 cm, base truncate to rounded or cuneate, margins sharply and coarsely serrate or irregularly doubly serrate, teeth mostly long and sharp, basal portion untoothed, apex acute to occasionally short-acuminate; surfaces abaxially sparsely to moderately pubescent, covered with minute, resinous glands. Infructescences erect to nearly pendulous, cylindric, 2--3(--3.9) × 0.8--1.5 cm, shattering with fruits in fall; scales glabrous, ciliate, lobes diverging at middle, central lobe narrower and longer than ascending lateral lobes. Samaras with wings broader than body, broadest near summit, extended beyond body apically. 2n = 28.
Phenology
Flowering late spring
Altitude range
100--3000 m
Distribution
USA AlaskaUSA Ariz.USA Calif.USA Colo.USA IdahoUSA Mont.USA Nebr.USA Nev.USA N.Mex.USA N.Dak.USA Oreg.USA S.Dak.USA UtahUSA Wash.USA Wyo.Canada Alta.Canada B.C.Canada Man.Canada N.W.T.Canada Ont.Canada Sask.Canada Yukon
Discussion
Betula occidentalis is a common, streamside, shrubby birch throughout much of the Rocky Mountains, extending eastward to northwestern Ontario. It has been widely known by the later name B. fontinalis because of questions concerning the legitimacy of Hooker's epithet (J. R. Dugle 1966). Recent changes to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (W. Greuter et al. 1994) have clarified the situation, however, and the consensus now is that the earlier name is correct. E. Hultén (1968) believed that the species in Alaska that has been called B. occidentalis consists of an extensive hybrid swarm between B. neoalaskana (as B. resinifera) and B. glandulosa. The studies of J. R. Dugle (1966) do not support a hybrid origin of B. occidentalis in other parts of its range. Additional study will be needed to resolve this problem, both in Alaska and southward.
Betula ×utahensis Britton (= B. occidentalis Hooker × B. papyrifera Marshall) is a common hybrid marked by intermediate characteristics.
Betula papyrifera Marshall var. subcordata (Rydberg) Sargent, formerly recognized in several state, provincial, and regional floras, consists of introgressants of B. occidentalis into B. papyrifera (J. R. Dugle 1966).

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