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Information Perennials, (10–)40–130(–200+) cm (rhizomatous, roots usually red-tipped). Stems usually 1, erect, simple or branched, glabrous or hairy (hairs basifixed). Leaves mostly basal or basal and cauline; petiolate or sessile; blades obovate to lanceolate or linear, often 1[–2+]-pinnately lobed or toothed, ultimate margins dentate or entire, faces glabrous or sparsely hairy. Heads usually radiate, rarely discoid, borne singly or in 2s or 3s. Involucres hemispheric or broader, 12–35+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 35–60+ in 3–4+ series, distinct, ovate or lance-ovate to oblanceolate, unequal, margins and apices (colorless or pale to dark brown) scarious (tips not notably dilated; abaxial faces glabrous or sparsely hairy). Receptacles convex, epaleate. Ray florets usually 13–34+, rarely 0, pistillate, fertile; corollas white (drying pinkish), laminae ovate to linear. Disc florets 120–200+, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow, tubes ± cylindric (proximally swollen, becoming spongy in fruit), throats campanulate, lobes 5, deltate (without resin sacs). Cypselae ± columnar to obovoid, ribs ± 10, faces glabrous (pericarps with myxogenic cells on ribs and resin sacs between ribs; embryo sac development monosporic); pappi 0 (wall tissue of ray cypselae sometimes produced as coronas or auricles on some cypselae). x = 9.

Information Perennials, 20–60(–80+) cm. Stems simple or distally branched. Basal leaves: petioles 50–80(–200+) mm, expanding into obovate to spatulate blades 50–80(–120+) × 15–25(–35+) mm, margins not lobed, usually toothed, rarely entire. Cauline leaves petiolate or sessile; blades oblanceolate to lanceolate or linear, 50–120+ × 8–22+ mm, margins of mid-stem leaves usually entire proximally, regularly serrate distally. Involucres 18–28+ mm diam. Phyllaries (the larger) 2–3 mm wide. Ray florets 21–34+; laminae 20–30(–40+) mm. Ray cypselae 2–3(–4) mm, apices usually bare, rarely obscurely auriculate. 2n = 90, 108.

Information Herb to 1 m tall, with erect flowering stems from short procumbent stem bases; stems simple or branched, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves green or glaucous; petiole absent, or in the most proximal leaves up to 4 cm long; the proximal obovate to spatulate, 1–12 cm long, 0.5–3 cm wide, the base attenuate towards a semi-amplexicaul extreme base, crenate to pinnatifid, the lobes rounded to mucronate. Capitula solitary or up to 10 in lax corymbs, 0.5–1 cm high, 2–4(–9) cm in diameter; involucre broadly campanulate, phyllaries green, ovate to lanceolate, 4–8 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide, pale brown with a darker midrib and fringed margins extended into a membranous, scarious margin. Ray florets 20–34, with rays white, 10–18(–25) mm long, 2.5–5 mm wide, occasionally very short or absent; disc florets yellow, 3–3.5 mm long. Achenes 2–2.5 mm long, the outer with or without pappus, when pappus present than as an auricle or a crown to 1.5 mm long; inner always without pappus. Fig. 109 (page 521).