Fyodor Alexeenko was born in Pavolgrad, Russia, and studied at the St. Petersburg Forestry Institute. He embarked on a three-year expedition in the Russian Caucasus in 1897, where he made significant collections of plants. These were presented to the Russian Academy of Sciences, and among them were found a number of new species, some of which were described by B. Lipsky in 1902.

Allexeenko next travelled to Central Asia, gathering some 4,000 specimens from the Pamir Mountains, Wakhan Ridge, Shugnan and Darvaz in 1901. In 1903 he collected over a thousand specimens in Iran.

Alexeenko was killed in 1904 while attempting to illegally cross the Swiss-French border at Geneva.

Sources:
O.A. Fedcenko, 1909, "Plantes du Pamir, collectionnées par F. N. Alekseenko en 1901. I-ère Partie", Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, VI série, 3:10 (1909), 664.