Name
Identification
Combretum antunesii Eng. & Diels [family COMBRETACEAE ] (stored under name); Verified by Jongkind, C., 1993 Combretum zeyheri Sond. [family COMBRETACEAE ] Verified by Garcia, C., 1961 Combretum antunesii Eng. & Diels [family COMBRETACEAE ] Verified by s.det.,
Related name
- Combretum zeyheri
- Combretum antunesii
Flora
Entry for Combretum zeyheri Sond. [family COMBRETACEAE]
Herbarium
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K)
Collection
Flora Zambesiaca
Resource Type
Reference Sources
Entry From
FZ, Vol 4, Part 0, page 100, (1978) Author: A. W. Exell
Names
Combretum oblongum F. Hoffm. [family COMBRETACEAE], tom. cit.: 34 (1889).—Engl. & Diels in Engl., tom. cit.: 60, t. 18 fig. D (1899).—R.E.Fr. in Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Rhod.-Kongo Exped. 1: 170 (1914).—Eyles in Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 5, 4: 428 (1916). Syntypes from Tanzania.
Combretum bragae Engl. [family COMBRETACEAE], Pflanzenw. Ost-Afr. C: 289 (1895).—Engl. & Diels in Engl., tom. cit.: 59 (1899).—Monro in Proc. & Trans. Rhod. Sci. Ass. 8, 2: 80 (1908).—Eyles, tom. cit.: 427 (1916). Type: Mozambique, Beira, Braga 161 (B+, holotype).
Combretum antunesii Engl. & Diels [family COMBRETACEAE], in Engl., Mon. Afr. Pflanz. 3: 58, t. 18 fig. F (1899). Type from Angola.
Combretum sinuatipetalum De Wild. [family COMBRETACEAE], in Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot. Sér. 4: 215 (1903). Type from Zaire (Katanga).
Combretum zeyheri Sond. [family COMBRETACEAE], in Linnaea, 23: 46 (1850); in Harv. & Sond., F.C. 2: 511 (1862).—Engl. & Diels in Engl., Mon. Afr. Pflanz. 3: 59 (1899).—Gibbs in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37: 443 (1906).—Monro in Proc. & Trans. Rhod. Sci. Ass. 8, 2: 80 (1908)—Sim, For. Fl. Port. E. Afr.: 63, t. 63 fig. A (1909).—Bak. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. 40: 68 (1911)—Eyles in Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 5, 4: 429 (1916).— Steedman in Proc. & Trans. Rhod. Sci. Ass. 24: 17 (1925); Some Trees, etc. S. Rhod.: 56 (1933).—Burtt Davy, F.P.F.T. 1: 248 (1926).—Burtt Davy & Hoyle, N.C.L.: 39 (1936).—O. B. Mill., B.C.L.: 44 (1948).—Brenan, T.T.C.L.: 140 (1949); in Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 8, 5: 438 (1954).—Wild, Guide Fl. Vict. Falls: 146 (1953).—Exell & Garcia in Contr. Conhec. Fl. Moçamb. 2: 120 (1954) excl. specim. Barbosa 2286; C.F.A. 4: 66 (1970).—Pardy in Rhod. Agric. Journ. 51, 1: 6 cum phot. (1954).—Duvign. in Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belg. 88: 70, 83, fig. 3A (1956); op. cit. 90, 2: 194, 212 (1958).—Palgrave, Trees of Central Afr.: 135 cum phot. et tab. (1956).—Dale & Greenway, Kenya Trees and Shrubs: 147 (1961).—Palmer & Pitman, Trees S. Afr.: 249 cum fig. (1961).—Chapman, Veg. Mianje Mount.: 35 (1962).—F. White, F.F.N.R.: 285, fig. 49M-N (1962).—Barclay-Smith in Kirkia, 4: 32, 33 (1964).—Fanshawe & Savory in Kirkia, 4: 190 (1964).—Boughey in Journ. S. Afr. Bot. 30, 4: 167 (1964).—Breitenb., Indig. Trees Southern Afr. 4: 833 cum fig. (1965).—B. de Winter & Killick, Sixty-six Transv. Trees: 124, cart. et phott. (1966).—Exell, Prodr. Fl. SW. Afr. 99: 11 (1966); in Bol. Soc. Brot. Sér. 2, 42: 8 (1968); in Kirkia, 7, 2: 185, t. 1 fig. 13 (1970).—Liben, F.C.B. Combret: 72 (1968).—Wild in Kirkia, 7, 1: 53, t. 6 (1968); tom. cit. suppl.: 43, 45 (1970).— Gillett & McDonald, N.C.K.: 15 (1970).—Wickens, F.T.E.A. Combret.: 31, fig. 2(13), 3(13), 4(13) (1973).—Jacobsen in Kirkia, 9, 1: 168 (1973).—Faria in Mem. Invest. Agron. Moçamb. 4: 37 (1973). TAB. 31 fig. J; TAB. 32 fig. 12; TAB. 33. Type from S. Africa.
Combretum lopolense Engl. & Diels apud Diels [family COMBRETACEAE], in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 39: 502 (1907).—R.E.Fr., tom. cit.: 169 (1914)—Wild, Guide Fl. Vict. Falls: 146 (1953). Type from Angola.
Combretum rupicola Engl. apud Diels [family COMBRETACEAE], tom. cit.: 503 (1907) non Ridl. (1890) nom. illegit. Type from Tanzania.
Combretum platycarpum Engl. & Diels apud Diels [family COMBRETACEAE], loc. cit. Type from Tanzania.
Combretum dilembense De Wild. [family COMBRETACEAE], in Fedde, Repert. 11: 515 (1913). Type from Zaire.
Combretum calocarpum Gilg ex Dinter [family COMBRETACEAE], in Fedde, Repert. 16: 169 (1919). Type from SW. Africa.
Combretum zeyheri var. seineri Engl. [family COMBRETACEAE], Pflanzenw. Afr. 3, 2: 704 (1921). No type cited.
Combretum megalocarpum Exell ex Brenan [family COMBRETACEAE], T.T.C.L.: 140 (1949). Type as for C. rupicola Engl.
Combretum zeyheri forma [family COMBRETACEAE], —Wild in Kirkia, 7, 1: 53 (1968).
Combretum tinctorum Welw. ex Laws. [family COMBRETACEAE], in Oliv., F.T.A. 2: 430 (1871).—Engl. & Diels in Engl., tom. cit.: 30(1899). Type from Angola.
Combretum teuszii O. Hoffm. [family COMBRETACEAE], in Linnaea, 43: 132 (1882) (“theuschii”).—Engl. & Diels in Engl., tom. cit.: 60, t. 18 fig. G (1899). Type from Angola.
Combretum glandulosum F. Hotfm. [family COMBRETACEAE], Beitr. Kenntn. Fl. Centr.-Ost-Afr.: 33 (1889).—Engl. & Diels in Engl., tom. cit.: 59, t. 18 fig. C (1899). Non V. Sloot. (1919). Type from Tanzania.
Information
Small to medium-sized deciduous tree up to 10(12) m. high or rarely a shrub; crown rounded or flat-rounded; bark brown or grey-brown, smooth to scaly, generally fissured; branchlets usually tomentose. Leaves opposite or 3 -verticillate; lamina up to 14(22) x 9(11) cm., chartaceous, broadly to narrowly elliptic or obovate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, usually tomentose (when young) or pubescent to almost glabrous (except for scales), lepidote but scales rather inconspicuous, apex usually rounded to obtuse, sometimes acute, base usually rounded, sometimes slightly cordate; lateral nerves 5–12 pairs, prominent below; petiole up to 1 cm. long. Inflorescences usually unbranched axillary spikes up to 8 cm. long including the rather short tomentose peduncle; rhachis tomentose; bracts c. 2 mm. long, caducous. Flowers sessile, yellowish. Lower receptacle 2–3 mm. long, tomentose; upper receptacle c. 3 x 2·5–3 mm., shortly infundibuliform, pubescent and lepidote. Sepals 1·5–2 x 1·5–2 mm., triangular. Petals yellow, 1·5–2·5 x 0·8–1·2 mm., obovate-spathulate to spathulate, glabrous. Stamen-filaments 5–8 mm. long, often reflexed at about 1 mm, below the anthers; anthers orange, 1·5 mm. long. Disk 1·8 mm. in diam. with pilose margin free for 1·5–2 mm. Style c. 5 mm. long, glabrous, with swollen apex (while functional), usually exserted and rather conspicuous before the stamens appear. Fruit usually c. 5·5 x 5 cm. (rarely only 3–3·5 x 3–3·5 cm. and occasionally up to 10 x 8 cm.), subcircular in outline, usually glabrescent, sometimes conspicuously lepidote on the body, apical peg very short or absent, wings up to 3·5 cm. broad, stipe 1–3 cm. long, usually relatively slender. Cotyledons 3·5–4 x 6 cm., subcircular to transversely elliptic, with free petioles sometimes c. 2 mm. long (petioles united for the rest of their length) or the two cotyledons united completely to form a single peltate organ c. 6 cm. in diam., arising as for the section. Scales as for the section.
Habitat
Savanna woodland of Brachystegia-Julbernardia; Cryptosepalum dry forest and woodlands; lowland littoral forest with Pteleopsis, Erythrophloeum and Brachystegia spiciformis; Pericopsis-Pterocarpus-Acacia tree savanna; Acacia-Combretum-Terminalia tree savanna; copper limestone and lake basin chipya (Zambia); mopane termite mounds; scrub mopane; very tolerant of serpentiniferous and metalliferous soils.
Altitude range
Very widespread from low to medium altitudes.
1500
0
inferred from medium and low
Distribution
Zambia S Katambora, fl. & fr. 30.ix.1947, Morze 61 (FHO).Zambia C Lusaka, fl. 2.x.1960, Dening 47 (FHO).Mozambique M Maputo, Goba, 400 m., fr. 18.ii.1945, Sousa 33 (LISC; PRE).Mozambique GI Maringa, R. Save, fr. 27.vi.1950, Chase 2577 (BM; SRGH).Mozambique MS Chimoio, Bandula, fr. 9.iii.1948, Barbosa 1146 (LISC).Mozambique T Boroma, Msusa, fr. 27.vii.1950, Chase 2811 (BM; COI; SRGH).Zambia E Fort Jameson Distr., 19 km. S. of Katete, fr. 24.iv.1952, White 2447 (BM; FHO; K).Zambia W Mwinilunga Distr., 6·4 km. N. of Magowa Plains, fl. & fr. 4.x.1952, White 3455 (BM; FHO; K).Zambia N Shiwa Nganda, 1675 m., fr. 22.vii.1938, Greenway 5460 (EA; FHO; K).Botswana SE Kanye Hills, fr. 22.iv.1958, de Beer 687 (COI; LISC; SRGH).Mozambique N Maniamba, Macaloge, fr. 3.ix.1934, Torre 538 (COI).Malawi N 9·6 km. from Rumpi, fl. 20.x.1962, Adlard 509 (FHO; SRGH).Zimbabwe N Lomagundi Distr., Umboe Valley, fr. 19.ii.1964, Wild 6329 (FHO; SRGH).Zambia B Sefula, fr. viii.1921, Borle 260 (FHO; PRE).Botswana N E. of Odiakwe, fr. 21.iii.1962, de Beer & Yalala 19 (SRGH).Mozambique Z Mocuba, Namagoa, fl. 12.x.1948, Faulkner 1654 (COI; K).Malawi S Ncheu Distr., Sharpe Vale, fr. 19.vii.1958, Jackson 2236 (BM; FHO; LISC; SRGH).Malawi C between Lilongwe and Salima, fr. 23.viii.1946, Gouveia & Pedro in Pedro 1793 (LMJ; PRE).Zimbabwe S Fort Victoria Distr., fl. 1909, Monro 509 (BM; SRGH).Zimbabwe E Inyanga, Lawley’s Concession, fr. 19.ii.1954, West 3357 (SRGH).Zimbabwe C Hunyani R., Prince Edward Dam, fr. 16. v.1934, Gilliland 144 (BM; FHO; K; SRGH).Zimbabwe W Nyamandhlovu, fr. vii.1956, Barren 106/56 (COI; LISC; SRGH).
Distribution (external)
Angola
Zaire
Kenya
Tanzania
SW. Africa
S. Africa
Notes
C. zeyheri is usually recognizable by its large yellowish-green fruits (sometimes drying orange) and in flower a characteristic feature is that the flowers are protogynous and the style (often drying black) often protrudes conspicuously from the flower-bud before it opens. There is considerable variability in leaf shape and indumentum as well as in the size of the fruit and it is mainly the various combinations of these features that has led to the considerable synonymy. The fruit size is usually about 5x5 cm. but fruits up to 10x8 cm. are met with while in one specimen (Botswana, Mochudi, Shantz 429 (PRE)) they are only 3–3·5 x3–3·5 cm. and seem to be intermediate in size and shape between those of C. zeyheri and C. schumannii. There seems to be some correlation between increasing fruit size and increasing rainfall comparable to the leaf-shape dine in C. molle. In this connection it is interesting that very large-leaved specimens (up to 22 x 11 cm.) of C. zeyheri have been collected in Tanzania. The only other African species of Combretum in our area which approach C. zeyheri in size of fruit are C. kirkii and large-fruited forms of C. collinum.Both the unusual method of germination and the large fruits with rigid wings, better adapted for blowing along the ground than for transport by air, are thought to be adaptations for survival in areas subject to annual fires. This is discussed by Exell and Stace (in D. H. Valentine, Taxonomy, Phytogeography and Evolution: 316–321 (1972) ).