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Information Rhizome up to 2 cm. in diam., erect, with tufted fronds and very-dark-brown lanceolate acuminate entire rhizome-scales up to 8 mm. long with paler borders. Frond arching, herbaceous, with proliferating bulbils up to 1 cm. in diam. on the costae and costules. Stipe matt-brown, up to 75 cm. long, thinly pubescent with minute white hairs and with dark scales similar to those of the rhizome about the base. Lamina up to 90 x 60 cm., ovate-triangular-acute in outline, 3-pinnatifid with the basal pinnae much developed basiscopically; basal pinnae unequally triangular, up to 48 x 38 cm. The upper pinnae narrowly oblong-acuminate, deeply pinnatifid into narrowly oblong somewhat falcate crenate lobes sparsely pubescent on both surfaces with short white hairs, densely so along the costae and costules and veins of the ventral surface; veins anastomosing usually without included veinlets. Rhachis brown, or straw-coloured, pubescent with minute pale-brown hairs, with decurrent lamina-wings near the apex. Sori up to 2 mm. in diam., circular; indusium c. 1 mm. in diam., membranous, minutely ciliate, reniform.

Information Terrestrial; rhizome to 13 cm high, 2 cm in diameter, with dark brown lanceolate scales 5–10≈1 mm, with pale borders. Fronds in tufts of 4–9, to 1.8 m long; stipe pale brown, 70–72 cm long, 5 mm in diameter at base, adaxially grooved, basal 3–5 cm covered in scales similar to those of rhizome; lamina membranous to coriaceous, dark green, deltoid-pentagonal, 45–100≈30–80 cm, 3-pinnatifid; pinnae in 4–6 pairs, basal pinna pair the longest and stalked, terminal segment pinnatifid; pinnules to 18 cm long, the basal the largest, divided in up to 10 secondary pinnules; ultimate segments oblong, falcate, with crenate margins; veins and veinlets anastomosing; free included veinlets in areoles not frequent, absent along the rachis and rare in the triangular areoles between rachis and costa; small glandular hairs ± 0.5 mm long thinly scattered on axes from rachis to costa, denser at pinna base and pinna margins where it is decurrent between pinna segments, on sinus margin and adaxially, above sinus, on rachis, pinna costa and costa, resembling velvet; minute scales sometimes present in central areoles; glabrous when mature. Gemmae sometimes present at pinnae bases or along pinnae costa. Sori inframarginal to median, in up to 4 pairs per segment, 0.5–2(–3) mm in diameter; indusium small, reniform, minutely ciliate. Spores pale brown, monolete, perispore winged, cristate. Fig. 1: 8–11 & Fig. 2: 5.

Information Plants terrestrial. Rhizome erect to suberect, to 100 mm long, to 12 mm in diameter, set with roots, crowded persistent stipe bases and scales, scales chartaceus, concolorous or bicolorous, if bicolorous then centrally castaneus with paler margins, adnate, lanceolate, margins closely set with unicellular, bicellular, and simple and branched hairs along the margin, also with unicellular hairs on the scale surface, to 15 mm long, to 5 mm wide. Fronds crowded, caespitose, arching, to 1.6 m long; stipe firm, proximally castaneus, stramineous higher up, adaxially sulcate, to 750 mm long, to 9 mm in diameter, initially densely scaled at the base, sparsely scaled higher up, scales similar to those on the rhizome; lamina catadromous, ovate-deltate, 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, to 850 mm long, to 900 mm wide, with up to 4 petiolated pinna pairs, pinnatifid towards the apex; rachis stramineous, adaxially sulcate, sulcus not open to that of the lower order axes, closely set with pluticellular, acicular hairs, to 0.25 mm long, winged for most of the length, often with several proliferous buds dorsally near the apex; pinnae opposite to alternate, proximal pinna pair basiscopically developed, 1-pinnate-pinnatifid, inaequilaterally ovate to oblong-cuneate, to 520 mm long, to 340 mm wide, generally with a single sessile or short-stalked pinnule pair, pinnatifid towards the apex, usually slightly overlapping; pinna-rachis convex adaxially, densely set with stramineous acicular hairs to 250 (m long, sparsely haired abaxially, often with several proliferous buds dorsally near the apex; pinnules sessile or petiole to 2 mm long, opposite to alternate, herbaceous, narrowly lanceolate to oblong-cuneate, acroscopic pinnule on the basal pinna to 138 mm long, to 40 mm wide, basal pinnule on the basal pinna to 295 mm long, to 90 mm wide, pinnatifid to lobed, shallowly repand, adaxially sparsely set with pluricellular acicular and 3-celled clavate hairs along the veins, abaxially sparsely set with 2-celled acicular hairs along the veins and 2-celled clavate hairs between the veins. Venation anadromous and catadromous, basiscopic primary vein in the upper pinnae/pinnules usually arises from the rachis or secondary rachis, reticulate, areolae usually without included free veinlets, the free vein branches end in the costae near the margin in slightly enlarged endings. Sori circular, to 1.5 mm in diameter, on a vein, at a vein plexus, or on a simple or branched included free veinlet, in a single row on either side of the costule; sporangium long-stalked, 3-seriate below the capsule, with 2 or 3 usually 3-celled hairs below the sporangium, capsule globose in lateral view, with (12-)13(-14) indurated annulus cells, epistomium (3-)4(-4)-celled, hypostomium (3-)4(-4)-celled; indusium pale brown, firmly herbaceous, circular, reniform, variously set with oblong 1 to 5-celled hairs along the margin and surface, to 1.2 mm in diameter; receptacle nude. Spores 64 per sporangium, stramineous, subellipsoidal, monolete, perispore forming broad wings, cristate, to (30-)34.8(-40) x (22-)26.3(-32) (m. Figure 39C & D.