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Information Terrestrial or lithophytic; rhizome suberect, to 13 cm long and 1 cm in diameter, rarely branched, with dense roots and brown linear paleae to 12≈1 mm, ending in acicular cell. Fronds tufted, 8–12 in number, to 1 m long; stipe brown near base, straw-coloured higher up, 35–45 cm long, 5 mm in diameter, with adaxial groove, sparsely to densely paleate, paleae ovate, 13–23≈7–9 mm with fimbriate margin and darker central part; lamina herbaceous, pale to dark green, narrowly elliptic in outline, (33–)47–63≈8–16 cm, 2-pinnate; rachis straw-coloured, densely paleate with paleae similar to but smaller than those on stipe, to 9≈3 mm; pinnae up to 29 on each side of the rachis, the lowermost reduced and deflexed, the largest to 9≈2 cm; pinnules up to 12 free pairs per pinna, to 12 mm long, long-aristate; venation clear, costa with dense narrowly ovate to triangular scales with long outgrowths on lower margins. Sori (sub-)terminal on abbreviated vein branches, circular, ± 1 mm in diameter; sporangium with 11–24 indurated annulus cells; indusium persistent, straw-coloured, peltate, circular, repand to erose with small, central processes, maximum radial length 1.1 mm. Spores brown, smooth or tuberculate, spiculate. Fig. 10: 9–10 & Fig. 11: 1–3.

Information Terrestrial or epiphyte; rhizome short-creeping or erect, up to 8 mm in diameter, with dense reddish-brown linear to lanceolate rhizome scales up to 14≈1 mm, with outgrowths towards tip, apex an acicular cell. Fronds tufted, 5–17 per plant, suberect to arching; stipe reddish-brown at base, straw-coloured or green above, 20–54 cm long, 5 mm in diameter, with adaxial groove, with dense reddish-brown ovate scales 6.5–20≈1.4–6 mm, the larger sessile, smaller stalked, tapering towards acicular cell at apex, twisted; lamina herbaceous, adaxially pale to dark green, abaxially pale green, ovate to narrowly ovate, 40–67≈12–25 cm, 2-pinnate; rachis straw-coloured, with dense short-stalked twisted reddish brown scales up to 4.5 mm long, terminating in an acicular cell, margins an irregular fringe; pinnae to 26 free pairs, to 140≈28 mm, the proximal slightly reduced and often deflexed, with up to 20 oblong-attenuate pairs of free pinnules, acroscopically developed towards the middle of the lamina; costa straw-coloured with adaxial groove densely scaly, scales smaller than, but resembling those of rachis; pinnules asymmetric, ovate to obliquely rhomboid, up to 15 mm long, acroscopically auriculate, basal pinnules often pinnatifid, the margins toothed to crenate, often with short awns, adaxially almost smooth or at the base of the costa with few scales, abaxially moderately covered with twisted narrowly linear to triangular scales up to 2.5 mm long; venation evident. Sori terminal or near terminal on abbreviated vein branches, discrete at maturity, circular, ± 1 mm in diameter; sporangium with 10–20 indurated annulus cells; indusium straw-coloured, peltate, round, rarely incomplete simple or often with a few central processes, 0.5–1 mm in diameter, persistent. Spores brown, ornamentation of tubercles, inflated or compressed reticulate ridges and some spines.Fig. 10: 5–6 & Fig. 11: 5.