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Information Rhizome up to 6 mm. in diam., short, creeping, with tufted fronds and with narrowly attenuate entire rhizome-scales up to 5 mm. long, some concolorous pale-brown mixed with others with a black central stripe and pale margins. Stipe castaneous, up to 40 cm. long, glabrous, shallowly channelled on the ventral surface. Frond erect to arching, thinly coriaceous. Lamina up to 58 x 40 cm., triangular in outline, mostly 4-pinnatifid (3-pinnate in juvenile fronds) to 4-pinnate with the lowest pinnae well developed basiscopically; ultimate segments 1–2 cm. long, oblong, subacute to acute, pinnatifid with oblong to triangular lobes, subentire when fertile, evidently crenate when sterile, both surfaces glabrous; venation free, evident; rhachis and secondary rhachises castaneous, glabrous, channelled on the ventral surface. Sori forming a marginal soral line; indusium continuous, sub-entire, membranous.

Information Rhizome shortly creeping, with linear entire scales 5–10 mm long, some pale brown, others with black central stripe and pale margins. Fronds 3–10, tufted, (20–)70–120 cm tall; stipe chestnut or purple-brown, shiny, 12–45(–70) cm long, glabrous but densely scaly at base; lamina triangular or pentagonal, (10–)30–58 cm long, (9–)14–40 cm wide, glabrous, 3–4-pinnate (mostly 3-pinnate but pinnae pinnatifid but some divisions often free, hence partly 4-pinnate (3–5-pinnate according to N.C. Anthony); primary pinnae about 17 cm long, 12 cm wide, stalked; secondary pinnae about 7 cm long, 4 cm wide; tertiary pinnae about 2 cm long, 1 cm wide; ultimate pinnules of 4-pinnate lamina oblong, 5–12 mm long, 2–3 mm wide; sterile margins strongly crenate-toothed; veins easily visible, free. Sori and indusium continuous. Fig. 5 (p. 22).

Information Plants terrestrial or epilithic. Rhizome short-decumbent, closely branched, to 9 mm in diameter, set with roots, closely set persistent stipe bases and scales, scales concolorous or bicolorous, concolorous scales chartaceus, castaneus to ferrugineus, bicolorous scales with a thinly crustaceous, atrocastaneus central region and narrow chartaceus, ferrugineus margins, sessile, subulate, entire, apex terminates in a subulate cell or an elliptic thin-walled cell, to 10 mm long, to 0.8 mm wide. Fronds crowded, to 8 per plant, erect, to 980 mm long; stipe rigid, castaneus, proximally terete, becoming sulcate in the upper half, sulcus flat-bottomed, to 800 mm long, to 7 mm in diameter, proximally closely set with scales similar to those on rhizome, higher up sparsely set with scales and hairs, scales chartaceus, ferrugineus, adnate, subulate to filiform, entire to shallowly repand, apex terminates in a subulate or oblong thin-walled cell, to 7 mm long, to 0.5 mm wide, hairs pluricellular, uniseriate, apical cell narrowly elliptic, thin-walled, soon becoming glabrous, sulcus closely set with 2 and 3-celled hairs, apical cell elliptic to oblong-obtuse, appearing glandular, to 0.2 mm long; lamina anadromous, firmly herbaceous to coriaceus, pentagonal, to 4-pinnate, to 500 mm long, to 580 mm wide, with up to 15 petiolated pinna pairs; rachis and lower order axes rigid, castaneus, adaxially sulcate, axes sulci confluent, abaxially initially sparsely set with ferrugineus, multicellular hairs, glabrous later, sulci set with hairs similar to those on the stipe; pinnae petiolate, petiole to 54 mm long, alternate, widely spaced proximally, more closely spaced distally, to 3-pinnate, basiscopically developed, inaequilaterally broadly ovate to triangular, to 365 mm long, to 230 mm wide, with up to 17 petiolated pinnule pairs; pinnules petiolate, petiole to 12 mm long, alternate, spaced to slightly overlapping, to 2-pinnate, narrowly ovate to linear-acute, acroscopic pinnule on the basal pinna to 85 mm long, basiscopic pinnule on the basal pinna to 200 mm long, with up to 9 petiolated segment pairs; segments sessile or petiolate, petiole to 2 mm long, alternate, spaced, to 1-pinnate, triangular to oblong-acute, to 35 mm long, to 25 mm wide; ultimate segments sessile, opposite to alternate, narrowly elliptic, oblong-obtuse, or hastate, crenate, somewhat revolute when fertile, to 12 mm long, to 5 mm wide, glabrous adaxially and abaxially. Venation pinnately branched, free, often immersed adaxially, or obscure, abaxially obscure or evident, terminating in the margin in the sinuses between the teeth, apices often enlarged in fertile segments. Sori appear continuous, but confined to the enlarged free vein apices, or sporadically along a commissure formed by a few adjacent vein endings; receptacle with 3 to 4-celled simple, hair-like paraphyses; sporangium short-stalked, simple, 3-seriate below capsule, capsule obovate in lateral view, with (19-)21(-26) indurated annulus cells, epistomium (5-)5(-6)-celled, hypostomium (5-)6(-6)-celled, stomium with 5 to 7 narrow cells with conspicuously thickened walls; indusium membranous, near-marginal, continuous, entire to erose, to 0.6 mm broad. Spores 64 per sporangium, brown, tetrahedral-globose, trilete, granulose with an overlaying stellate-reticulate network, exospore (60-)66.3(-72) (m in equatorial diameter. Figure 17D & E.