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Information Lithophyte, epiphyte or terrestrial; rhizome erect, to 50 mm long and to 25 mm diameter, with dark brown lanceolate to narrowly ovate acute rhizome scales 4–9x0.8–1.2(–2.2) mm with or without narrow pale borders, subentire or sometimes with a few hair-like lobes. Fronds tufted (once described as rhizome shortly creeping, fronds shortly spaced, Faden 69/327), usually stiffly erect, not proliferous. Stipe brown abaxially, green adaxially, 3–20 cm long, either with scattered scales to 3x1.3 mm with dark brown midpart and broad pale margins or glabrous except for scattered minute dark brown ovate acuminate scales, becoming glabrous with age. Lamina ovate to narrowly oblong in outline, 7–40x3–10(–12) cm, thinly to thickly coriaceous, 2-pinnatisect to 3-pinnatisect, with basal pinnae hardly or not reduced, apex gradually decrescent; pinnae 13–28 pairs, oblong and attenuate or obtuse, the largest 3–7x0–7–1.3(–1.7) cm, shortly stalked, deeply pinnatifid into mostly linear or very narrowly spatulate segments set at 45°, 3.5–8x0.6–1.2 mm (up to 2 mm across sori) but with the acroscopic basal segment often 2–9-lobed, often with some of the basal segments 2-fid to 2-lobed, apices obtuse, basiscopic base sub-dimidiate, glabrous on both surfaces except for occasional minute dark narrowly ovate scales. Rachis narrowly winged or ridged laterally, pale brown when dry with occasional minute dark brown ovate scales. Sori 1 per pinna lobe, ellipsoid, borne halfway along the length of the lobe or slightly higher and reaching from the costule to or beyond the margin, facing towards the pinna apex, 1.3–3.5 mm in our area, elsewhere 0.8–5 mm long; indusium oblong, membranous, entire, to 0.8 mm wide. Fig. 9: 5–6, p. 54.

Information Rhizome erect, with tufted fronds and with lanceolate to narrowly ovate dark-brown slightly fimbriate acute rhizome-scales up to 4 mm. long with broad paler borders. Frond erect to arching, not proliferous, thinly to thickly coriaceous. Stipe pale brown to greyish-green when dry (green when fresh), up to 16 cm. long, glabrous except for scattered minute ovate acuminate dark-brown scales, becoming glabrous with age. Lamina up to 15 x 7.5 cm., deeply pinnatifid to 2-pinnatifid, narrowly oblong-acute in outline with basal pinnae hardly or not reduced, pinnate, apex acute; pinnae up to 5 x 1.2 cm., up to 15 pairs, petiolate, oblong attenuate or obtuse, deeply pinnatifid into mostly linear or very narrowly oblong-obtuse segments c. 1 mm. wide but with a 2–9 lobed acroscopic basal segment, or with some of the lower segments occasionally 2-fid, glabrous on both surfaces except for occasional minute dark narrowly ovate scales dorsally. Rhachis pale-brown when dry with occasional minute dark-brown ovate-lanceolate scales. Sori 2 mm. long, 1 per pinna lobe, linear, borne 1/2 way along the length of the lobe; indusium very narrowly oblong, membranous, entire.

Information Terrestrial, epiphyte or rarely lithophyte; rhizome erect, fleshy, to 60 mm long and 8–50 mm diameter, with pale to mid-brown ovate acute subentire rhizome scales to 9–14x3–3.5 mm. Fronds tufted, erect to arching, not proliferous, thinly to thickly coriaceous. Stipe pale brown to greyish-green when dry (green to black when fresh), 15–48 cm long, glabrous except for some scales near base. Lamina dark green, narrowly ovate in outline, 32–80x13–26 cm, 2-pinnatisect to 3-pinnatifid on the lowermost pinnules, with basal pinnae reduced (rarely not reduced), apex gradually decrescent; pinnae opposite or alternate, 23–44 pairs, oblong and attenuate, the largest (6–)8–13(–16)x1–2.2 cm or up to 4 cm wide with much-lobed basal pinnules, petiolate, deeply pinnatifid into linear or very narrowly spatulate segments set at 45°, 1–2 mm wide, most segments entire or some with bifid apex or many segments bifid, basal acroscopic segment usually more lobed or enlarged to an up to 2.5 cm long deeply lobed pinnule (rarely basiscopic segment also more lobed), apices acute or obtuse; more basal pinnae often shorter and with more widely winged costa and so appearing more pinnatipartite than the pinnatisect upper pinnae; with scattered scales similar to those on rachis. Rachis black and green when fresh, pale brown when dry, with scattered dark brown narrowly lanceolate scales to 3 mm long with hair-like lobes, sometimes becoming glabrous. Sori 1 per pinna lobe, ellipsoid, borne halfway along the length of the lobe but almost on the margin, facing towards the pinna apex, 1.5–5(–6) mm long; indusium very narrowly oblong, membranous, entire, to 1 mm wide. Fig. 9: 7–8, p. 54.

Information Plants terrestrial, epilithic or epiphytic. Rhizome erect to suberect, to 40 mm long, to 5 mm in diameter, set with roots, crowded persistent stipe bases and scales, scales thinly crustaceous, atrocastaneus, matt, clathrate, sessile, lanceolate to subulate, cordate to cordate-imbricate, margins regularly set with short filiform outgrowths, pluricellular, uniseriate, apex terminates in an oblong thin-walled cell, to 19 mm long, to 4.5 mm wide. Fronds crowded, caespitose, suberect to arching, to 570 mm long; stipe firm, proximally castaneus to black, green higher up, firm, sulcate, centrally raised, to 200 mm long, to 2.5 mm in diameter, initially sparsely scaled, glabrous later, scales thinly crustaceous, atrocastaneus to black, clathrate, sessile, subulate, cordate to cordate-imbricate, basally with several filiform outgrowths terminating in an enlarged broadly elliptic thin-walled cell, entire towards the apex, apex terminates in an enlarged broadly elliptic thin-walled cell, to 7 mm long, to 1 mm wide; lamina anadromous, to 3-pinnate, narrow elliptic, to 400 mm long, to 120 mm wide, with up to 23 pinna pairs; rachis firm, green, sulcate, centrally ridged, sparsely scaled, scales similar to, but smaller than, those on the stipe; pinnae petiolate, petiole to 3 mm long, opposite to alternate, basally widely spaced, more closely spaced towards the apex and often slightly overlapping, firmly herbaceous to coriaceus, lanceolate to ovate, to 80 mm long, to 40 mm wide, with up to 10 pinnule pairs; pinna-rachis sulcate, centrally ridged, ridge not confluent with that of the rachis, sparsely scaled, scales similar to, but smaller than, those on the rachis, to 1.5 mm long; pinnules opposite to alternate, flabellate, rhomboid, elliptic or linear, the larger divided into oblong lobes, lobes entire, to 7 mm long, to 2 mm wide, glabrous adaxially, abaxially sparsely set with scales similar to those on the pinna-rachis. Venation anadromous, evident, raised adaxially, pinnately branched, ending in the lobes near the margin. Sori linear, 1 per lobe, medial to supramedial, to 2 mm long; indusium membranous, linear, entire, extending from the vein almost to the margin, to 2 mm long, to 0.6 mm wide; sporangium long-stalked, uniseriate, 3-seriate below capsule, capsule broadly elliptic in lateral view, with (17-)19(-19) indurated annulus cells, epistomium (2-)2(-3)-celled, hypostomium 4-celled. Spores 64 per sporangium, brown, elliptic, monolete, perispore folded to form narrow reticulate ridges, erose, areolae between the ridges with a fine reticulate meshwork, (38-)42.6(-48) x (24-)26.9(-30) (m. Figure 49C & D.

Information Terrestrial, epiphyte or lithophyte; rhizome erect, 5–10 mm diameter, with dark brown subulate subentire concolorous rhizome scales 3–7x2 mm, hair-tipped. Frond tufted, arching, thinly coriaceous, to 60 cm long, proliferous at the base of the deeply pinnatifid lanceolate apical segment. Stipe green when fresh, greyish-green when dried, 8–20 cm long, with sparse dark brown lanceolate clathrate scales up to 2 mm long. Lamina 22–43x4.5–13 cm, 2-pinnatisect, oblong lanceolate in outline, acuminate, basal pinnae hardly reduced; pinnae variable, from shallowly incised to pinnatifid almost to costa, up to 8.5x2 cm, petiolate, lanceolate-attenuate, unequally cuneate at the base, deeply pinnatifid into linear or very narrowly oblong-acute or oblanceolate 2-fid lobes up to 8 mm long, basal acroscopic lobe broadly cuneate, shallowly incised in the upper 1/2 into 4–7 acute short lobes, glabrous except for a few substellate dark brown minute scales on the lower surface. Rachis matt-greyish-green with minute substellate to very narrowly lanceolate dark brown scales. Sori set along the veins, one per lobe, linear, 2–7 mm long, slightly curved; indusium very narrowly oblong, membranous, entire.